Pcie Device Remapping Access

cat /sys/kernel/debug/iommu/intel/translation_table Or for AMD:

This is the big one. A PCIe device can cache virtual-to-physical address translations. When a device issues a read/write, it uses an IO Virtual Address (IOVA) . The IOMMU behind the root port remaps that IOVA to a host physical address. From the device’s perspective, its memory window moved. From the CPU’s perspective, the device is now pointing to a different physical RAM location. pcie device remapping

PCIe Device Remapping: Why Your GPU Isn’t Where You Think It Is The IOMMU behind the root port remaps that

#!/bin/bash for d in $(find /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/* -type l | sort); do echo "Group $(basename $d):" ls -l $d/devices/ | awk 'print $11' done See remapping stats: PCIe Device Remapping: Why Your GPU Isn’t Where

Rare in consumer gear, common in large SMP/NUMA systems. The root complex can reassign Bus/Device/Function numbers to balance interrupt loads or isolate devices to specific CPU sockets.